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I Accept Show Purposes. Table of Contents View All. Table of Contents. Classical Conditioning. Operant Conditioning. Classical vs. Classical Conditioning First described by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist Focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors Involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex.
Operant Conditioning First described by B. Skinner, an American psychologist Involves applying reinforcement or punishment after a behavior Focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviors. Classical Conditioning: In Depth. Operant Conditioning: In Depth.
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Nevid, JS. Essentials of Psychology: Concepts and Applications. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; Related Articles. How Stimulus Generalization Influences Learning. How Is Extinction Defined in Psychology? Understanding Stimulus Discrimination in Psychology. Real-World Examples of the Conditioned Stimulus. What's an Unconditioned Response in Psychology?
How Was Classical Conditioning Discovered? Through respondent conditioning pairing of the neutral fire alarm with the aversive sound , you now cringe each time you see the fire alarm even when it is not going off. Example in clinical context : During physical therapy, the physical therapist has a client complete various physical activity, which the client greatly dislikes. Each time the client passes the physical therapy room, the client begins to shake and sweat.
As soon as you walk in, you supervisor instructs you to begin a quiz about applied behavior analysis, which you do not know anything about yet! You begin to feel sweaty and nervous.
Through the process of respondent conditioning, the next time you see your supervisor a previously neutral stimulus you become very sweaty and nervous. Instead, pair yourself with reinforcement at the beginning of any relationship with a client or colleague! Why it matters: Although respondent behaviors make up a small percentage of behaviors that are of interest to behavior analysts, respondent learning occurs in clinical and day-to-day contexts, and impacts behavior.
Definition : Consequences that result in an increase or decrease the frequency in the same type of behavior under similar conditions. Operant behaviors are controlled by their consequences. A selectionist approach to reinforcement.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 60, 17— The transfer of respondent eliciting and extinction functions through stimulus equivalence classes. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 62, — Stimulus equivalence, functional equivalence, and the transfer of function. Hayes, L. Hayes, M. Ono Eds. Naming and stimulus equivalence. Lejeune Eds.
Hove, England: Erlbaum. Discriminative conditioning. Effects of a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus upon a subsequently established operant response. Journal of Experimental Psychology , 38, — Article PubMed Google Scholar. Some quantitative properties of anxiety. Journal of Experimental Psychology , 29, — The release of catecholamines by shocks and stimuli paired with shocks. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 12, — The effects of nodality on the formation of equivalence classes.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 53, — Transfer of contextual stimulus function via equivalence class development. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 51, — Transfer of consequential functions via stimulus equivalence: Generalization to different testing contexts. The Psychological Record , 46, — Equivalence as process.
Hayes Eds. Hayes, Hayes, M. Causal constructs and conceptual confusions. The Psychological Record , 47, 97— A relational control theory of stimulus equivalence. Nonhumans have not yet shown stimulus-equivalence. The transfer of specific and general consequential functions through simple and conditional equivalence relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , — Criticisms of relational frame theory: Implications for a behavior analytic account of derived stimulus relations.
The evolution of behaviorism. American Psychologist , 32, — Commons, R. Wagner Eds. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger. On the origins of naming and other symbolic behavior.
Predictability, surprise, attention, and conditioning. Church Eds. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. The transfer of contextual control over equivalence classes through equivalence classes: A possible model of social stereotyping. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 56, — On two types of conditioned reflex. Journal of General Psychology , 16, — Further remarks on two types of conditioned reflex. Journal of General Psychology , 17, — Pavlovian conditioned stimulus effects upon instrumental choice behavior are reinforcer specific.
Learning and Motivation , 14, — Establishing equivalence relations using a respondent-type training procedure. LOWE, C. Language and the emergence of equivalence relations: A developmental study. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society , 40, A Development and crossmodal transfer of contextual control of emergent stimulus relations.
Compound stimuli in emergent stimulus relations: Extending the scope of stimulus equivalence. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 60, — Factors modulating the effects of teleost telencephalon ablation on retention, relearning, and extinction of instrumental avoidance behavior.
Behavioural Neuroscience , , — Effects of oral ethanol self-administration on the inhibition of the lever-press response in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior , 43, — Stimulus control of Pavlovian facilitation. PEAR, J. The operant-respondent distinction: Future directions. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 42, — Reactions to Reese: Lord, let us laud and lament. The Behavior Analyst , 19, 79— Effect of the calcium channel blocker amlodipine on memory in mice.
Behavioral and Neural Biology , 60, —
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