American meatpackers moved to Argentina; fruit growers established themselves in Costa Rica, Honduras, and Guatemala; sugar plantation owners went to Cuba; rubber plantation owners moved to the Philippines, Sumatra, and Malaya; copper corporations went to Chile; and oil companies went to Mexico and Venezuela. Thus began an era of economic neocolonialism in which natural resources were heavily extracted from developing countries in the Global South to bolster the prosperity of wealthy countries in the Global North.
Although not an isolationist, President Coolidge was reluctant to enter into foreign alliances after America suffered dramatically to help win what was essentially a European war. Coolidge saw the landslide Republican victory in the presidential election of as a rejection of the Democratic Wilsonian push for the United States to join the League of Nations. While not completely opposed to the idea himself, Coolidge believed that the league did not serve American interests, and he would not advocate U.
Coolidge also refused to recognize the Soviet Union, continuing the policy of the previous administration. Senate eventually approved a measure to join the court, with reservations, in While the League of Nations accepted the reservations, it suggested some modifications upon which the Senate failed to act, and the United States ultimately never joined the World Court.
Coolidge continued American support for the elected government of Mexico against opposition rebels, lifting the arms embargo on that country and sending his close friend Dwight Morrow to Mexico as the American ambassador.
Coolidge represented the United States at the Pan American Conference in Havana, Cuba, making him the only sitting president to visit the country. The American occupation of Nicaragua and Haiti continued under his administration, although Coolidge withdrew American troops from the Dominican Republic in Republican Calvin Coolidge benefited from a split within the Democratic Party, winning the presidential election.
Describe how voter demographics were reconfigured in the election and the reasons Calvin Coolidge was elected. Calvin Coolidge, the Republican candidate who served as vice president under Warren G. Harding and became president in when Harding died unexpectedly while still in office, won the U.
Coolidge, the former governor of Massachusetts, was given credit for a prosperous economy at home and no visible crises abroad, which was especially important in the decade following the carnage of World War I. The Democratic Party candidate for president in was John W. Davis, a little-known former congressman and diplomat from West Virginia. Davis was a conservative, causing many liberal Democrats to move their support to the third-party campaign of Senator Robert M.
La Follette of Wisconsin, who ran as the candidate of the Progressive Party. The Democratic National Convention of was considered a disaster that deeply divided the party.
It was the longest continually running convention in U. Large standing armies and the cost of preparing for war still cast their burdens upon humanity. These conditions the existing Republican administration has proven itself unwilling or unable to redress. John William Davis : John W. Davis ran as the nominee of a divided Democratic Party in the presidential election of The Republican Party National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio, ran from June 10 to June 12 and made history by being the first GOP convention to provide equal representation to women, with a rule change that provided each state with a national committee-man and national committee-woman.
This likely gained Republicans favor among females, who had only achieved the right to vote four years earlier with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. The GOP in also enjoyed the continuing support of African Americans who considered it the Party of Lincoln, with the majority of black voters favoring Republicans in every national election since the Civil War.
Yet he gained an additional advantage from an unexpected place: a third party. La Follette, a former U. Representative and Governor of Wisconsin, was originally a Republican and launched his Progressive Party as a vehicle for his vocal opposition to World War I, the League of Nations, and railroad trusts. In 12 states, the La Follette vote was greater than that cast for Davis. Robert M. The presidential election was the first in which all Native Americans were recognized as citizens and allowed to vote.
The distribution of the vote was subsequently altered throughout the country and particularly in 18 states in the middle and far West. Davis, running with Charles W. Wheeler, saw Coolidge exceed their combined national tally by 2. Coolidge and his running mate, Charles G. Dawes of Ohio, topped the polls in 35 states, leaving the electoral vote for Davis in only 12 states. Coolidge won all five boroughs of New York City, primarily due to his popularity among Irish Catholics and other immigrant communities, which is still considered a nearly impossible feat for a Republican candidate in a historically Democratic stronghold.
Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. The Roaring Twenties: — Search for:. The New Era. The New Era The s marked a new era of postwar economic growth in the United States, fueled by electricity and oil but marred by controversies.
Learning Objectives Describe how the s ushered in an era of growth and prosperity after World War I. Under Coolidge, entrepreneurship and technological efficiency flourished.
The widespread use of electricity as a power source reached cities and towns where factories saw productivity surges, while oil booms throughout the United States dominated world petroleum production. Herbert Hoover, elected president in , was a believer in the efficacy of individualism and business enterprise, with a little coordination by the government, and envisioned a future of unbounded plenty.
The new era came to an end with the stock market crash of , which was the result of credit inflation, increased government spending, and excessive speculation in the stock market. Calvin Coolidge : — The 30th president of the United States, serving from to Stock Market Crash of : The most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States. It was the result of rampant speculation and increased credit extensions in the booming economy of the Hoover administration.
Warren Harding : — The 29th president of the United States, serving from to There was a massive backlash against the reformist zeal of the Progressive Era and President Woodrow Wilson, who was believed by Irish-American and German-American voters to have reneged on his commitments to both communities at the Paris Peace Conference in Harding won in a landslide victory, using an almost four-to-one spending advantage over Cox in a national advertising campaign.
Eugene Debs, the jailed labor leader, received the largest number of popular votes ever gained by a Socialist Party candidate. Key Terms Warren G.
Harding : — An Ohio newspaper publisher and U. Cox : — The 46th and 48th governor of Ohio, a U. Harding cut taxes and signed the Revenue Act of , which gave wealthy Americans large tax deductions, while the Budget and Accounting Act of established the Bureau of the Budget and the General Accounting Office, setting up a formal budgeting process and assuring oversight of expenditures.
Harding was also an advocate of civil rights for African Americans, encouraging the establishment of an international commission to improve race relations and supporting a federal anti- lynching measure, the Dyer Bill. Conference of Unemployment : Approximately prominent members of industry, banking, and the labor movement who were called together in September to work toward solutions to the problem of unemployment.
The Harding presidency suffered its most damaging blow in the Teapot Dome scandal, a bribery conspiracy that involved oil land leases given in exchange for bribes to Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall. Attorney General Harry Daugherty was involved with an illegal liquor scheme, with bootleggers confiscating tens of thousands of cases of whiskey through bribery and kickbacks.
Charles Forbes, head of the Veterans Bureau, was convicted of fraud and bribery in connection with government contracts. Harding, the 29th president of the United States of America. Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall was convicted of taking bribes in exchange for federal oil land leases.
Changes in Agricultural Production Agriculture underwent a revolution in the s as heavy equipment enabled rapid expansion but also hurt small farmers and caused a migration to urban areas. Learning Objectives Describe how American agricultural production declined over the course of the s. Key Takeaways Key Points High prices for agricultural products created by demand during World War I plummeted when global markets rebounded, causing the collapse of land prices and heavy debt for American farmers.
The McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Act was the product of demand among farmers for federal subsidies, but was vetoed in each attempt to pass it by President Calvin Coolidge. Despite the attempts of the government, farms lost not only business but also young workers who migrated from rural areas to the towns and cities.
Key Terms Federal Farm Board : An administrative body created in , before the stock market crash on October 29, whose powers were later enlarged to meet the economic crisis farmers faced during the Great Depression. McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Act : A highly controversial plan in the s to subsidize American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products; it never became law.
Mechanization : The use of heavy machinery to improve production. In the case of agriculture, this included tractors and combine harvesters, which made farms more efficient but displaced unskilled laborers. Setbacks for Unions A postwar decade of decline weakened unions and decreased membership due to antiunion practices by corporations and the government.
Learning Objectives Identify the causes that led to the weakening of unions in the s. Key Takeaways Key Points At their peak in , labor unions had a total membership of 5 million, and major unions called for strikes in urban areas. Yet union membership fell drastically during the s. Unions and collective-bargaining agreements were looked upon suspiciously, with the government ending a number of strikes in the early s. President Warren Harding resorted to military force to break up fighting between company officials and strikers in West Virginia in and to keep the peace during a nationwide rail strike in Harding convened a White House conference with manufacturers and unions to reduce the length of the hour work day.
Yet the corporations dismissed concessions to unions negotiated by the president, and his administration more often sided with companies against unions. Unions were also frequent recipients of harsh injunctions and rulings by federal courts, including the U. Supreme Court. The strike was a leading event in a labor resurgence following a decade of antiunion sentiment. It was founded in Columbus, Ohio, in December by an alliance of craft unions.
Samuel Gompers led the organization until his death in , which created a leadership crisis. Automobiles, Airplanes, Mass Production, and Assembly-Line Progress The great industrial output of the s saw the automobile, petroleum, chemical, radio, and film industries skyrocket. Learning Objectives Assess the rise of American consumption of technology in the s.
Key Takeaways Key Points Mass production revolutionized industry through the assembly line, which reduced the cost of automobiles such as the Ford Model T to affordable levels and led to a boom in highway building, travel services, and housing outside of urban areas while also increasing demand within the steel, petroleum, and glass industries.
Telephone lines, the electric grid, plumbing, and sewer systems all expanded. This expansion, however, spread local governments thin as they tried to meet new infrastructure demands. Advances in aviation would lead to commercial aviation in the following decade. Radio became the first mass broadcasting medium and was widely used for advertising and entertainment, while electrical and sound recordings created a booming film industry.
His system of Fordism—the mass production of inexpensive consumer goods with high wages for laborers—revolutionized the American economy. Typically the product is attached to a continuously moving belt.
Safety Last! The famous clock scene from the popular silent film, Safety Last! Promoting Peace Abroad During the new era, flourishing businesses moved abroad, and the United States signed a treaty to promote peace and aid the economy. Learning Objectives Describe economic and political neocolonialism, as well as the Kellogg-Briand Pact of Key Takeaways Key Points While American manufacturers struggled with the transition from wartime production to peacetime manufacturing of goods, the pro-business policies of the Harding and Coolidge administrations soon led to economic growth.
Many major corporations moved overseas, mainly to Central and South America, to take advantage of resources in the areas, thus beginning an era of economic neocolonialism.
Coolidge continued U. Key Terms neocolonialism : The geopolitical practice of using capitalism, business globalization, and cultural imperialism to control a country in lieu of direct military control or indirect political control. The Election of Republican Calvin Coolidge benefited from a split within the Democratic Party, winning the presidential election.
Learning Objectives Describe how voter demographics were reconfigured in the election and the reasons Calvin Coolidge was elected. Harding died, and Coolidge was given credit for a booming economy at home and no visible crises abroad. Democratic candidate John W. La Follette. The presidential election was the first in which all Native Americans were recognized as citizens and permitted to vote.
Key Terms John W. He served as a U. Representative from West Virginia from to , and then as solicitor general of the United States and U. How was Business, with a capital B, a core component of America's "roaring twenties"? Collected commentary. Illustrating Americans' faith in business are the photos at right of presidents Coolidge and Hoover greeting business leaders on the White House lawn. The laissez faire policies championed by the three Republican presidents of the s—policies restored after two decades of Progressive and Democratic business regulation—defined the national economic machine from to This collection presents period commentary from businessmen, scholars, clergymen, a novelist, the three Republican presidents, and others on the "chief business of the American people," the rewards and pitfalls of its predominance, and the proper relationship of business and government in promoting the general welfare.
How wide was the range of centrist opinion on Business during the s? Selections can be divided among students for research and classroom discussion. A well-known advertising executive, Barton had published dozens of upbeat articles offering guidance for business and marketing success, but nothing reached as wide and receptive an audience as his recasting of Jesus as the "founder of modern business" whose self-confident leadership modeled the best of executive skill, and whose parables reflected the essentials of effective advertising.
Sincere and reverent throughout, Barton retold the Gospel accounts of Jesus's life and preaching as a modern man's guidebook to honest wealth and business success. What does the success of The Man Nobody Knows illustrate about the place of business in the American mindset of the s?
Answers, discussion question 6: A Business 3. Consumerism 4. Crash 5. Labor Union 6. Labor Strike. Scientific progress also transformed the economy.
Mass production techniques, such as the conveyer belt and assembly line pioneered by Henry Ford , meant that goods could be produced more quickly and in greater quantities.
The new machines did not require a high level of skill to operate them, so factories were able to employ large numbers of unskilled workers. This led to both lower prices for goods and to more employment.
These cheaper, mass-produced products and increased employment stimulated further the demand for goods, and thus created the consumer boom which led to economic prosperity. The reasons for the rapid economic growth in the s The USA had become a huge industrial nation even before the s.
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